Critical industries · NCES IPEDS, 2015–2022
Battery technology
Cell chemistry, electrodes and electrolytes sit inside materials programmes. No federal category names the industry.
51.6%
of research doctorates in the programmes counted here go to non-residents
+24.6 points against the 27.0% national figure
6,738
doctorates awarded in the window
3,474 of them to non-residents
113
institutions award these doctorates at all
the capacity of the proxy, not of battery work
49.2%
the share in 2025, the most recent year published
no federal access regime applies by default
No federal access restriction by default
No export-control or access-authorisation regime applies by default, though specific DOE-funded programmes may attach their own conditions.
This category is ours, not the government’s
IPEDS HAS NO BATTERY CATEGORY. This is the closest honest proxy: the materials programmes that produce electrode, electrolyte and cell researchers. It therefore counts people who will never work on a battery, and misses battery work done inside chemistry and chemical engineering. Treat it as the materials pipeline, which is what it measures.
The American share, by award level
The same field at three levels, in 2025. The subject does not change. Only the level does.
| Level | Awarded to Americans | Share American | Awarded to non-residents | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bachelor's | 1,198 | 90.8% | 121 | 1,319 |
| Master's | 847 | 58.9% | 591 | 1,438 |
| Doctorate | 454 | 50.8% | 439 | 893 |
Americans take 90.8% of the 1,319 bachelor’s degrees in this field and 58.9% of the 1,438 master’s degrees. The American share falls 31.9 points between the two, and the graduate degree is the one these industries hire from. See the master’s expansion for the same comparison across every field. A row resting on a few dozen awards moves on one student, so read the small ones with the award count beside them.
The programmes behind the number
Every CIP code this page counts, and what each contributes. Disagree with the mapping and you can see exactly which rows to drop.
| Programme | Non-resident share | Doctorates | Non-residents |
|---|---|---|---|
| Materials Engineering CIP 14.1801 | 53.1% | 5,542 | 2,945 |
| Materials Science CIP 40.1001 | 44.2% | 1,196 | 529 |
Where it is taught
The institutions awarding these doctorates, largest first. Ten or more over the window.
| Institution | Non-resident share | Doctorates | Non-residents |
|---|---|---|---|
| Massachusetts Institute of Technology | 54.4% | 261 | 142 |
| Northwestern University | 43.3% | 252 | 109 |
| Georgia Institute of Technology-Main Campus | 48.6% | 210 | 102 |
| University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign | 63.5% | 189 | 120 |
| Stanford University | 41.8% | 189 | 79 |
| University of California-San Diego | 63.0% | 181 | 114 |
| University of California-Santa Barbara | 12.7% | 181 | 23 |
| Purdue University-Main Campus | 56.4% | 179 | 101 |
| University of California-Los Angeles | 64.3% | 154 | 99 |
| University of Florida | 38.7% | 150 | 58 |
| University of Michigan-Ann Arbor | 40.0% | 145 | 58 |
| Carnegie Mellon University | 52.5% | 141 | 74 |
| Ohio State University-Main Campus | 50.4% | 139 | 70 |
| Pennsylvania State University-Main Campus | 45.3% | 139 | 63 |
| Texas A&M University-College Station | 65.5% | 139 | 91 |
| North Carolina State University at Raleigh | 42.0% | 138 | 58 |
| Arizona State University Campus Immersion | 69.8% | 126 | 88 |
| University of California-Berkeley | 43.3% | 120 | 52 |
| Stony Brook University | 70.9% | 117 | 83 |
| University of Wisconsin-Madison | 56.9% | 116 | 66 |
| The University of Tennessee-Knoxville | 59.5% | 111 | 66 |
| University of Connecticut | 60.4% | 96 | 58 |
| University of California-Riverside | 47.3% | 91 | 43 |
| University of Minnesota-Twin Cities | 57.3% | 89 | 51 |
| University of Delaware | 55.7% | 88 | 49 |
The share since 1995
Non-resident share of the doctorates awarded each year, against the national figure for all fields.
The line runs the full published history. The headline 51.6% above is pooled over 2015–2022. That is the window this site uses everywhere. The two figures answer different questions and will not match. Years with fewer than 20 doctorates nationally are omitted: a share computed on a dozen degrees moves on one student.
Method and limits
- A CIP code is a field of study. Nobody in this data is observed working in the industry it is matched to.
- The battery entry is a proxy built from materials programmes, because IPEDS publishes no battery category.
- Shares are of degrees awarded, not of the current workforce. A doctorate awarded in 2016 may have left the country or the field.
- 'Non-resident alien' is the IPEDS reporting category: a student on a temporary visa. Permanent residents are counted as domestic.
- The restriction note states the law as written. It is not an observed hiring outcome. This data cannot show who was employed, under what authorisation, or whether they stayed.
- Export control, access authorisation and a security clearance are three different things. Only a DOE L or Q access authorisation requires US citizenship.
Built by scripts/build_critical_industries.py from
NCES IPEDS Completions, research doctorates, 2015-2022.
Compare the others on the hub.